How do airplanes brake when landing, and what speed does a plane land at?

 Airplanes brake during landing using a combination of aerodynamic and mechanical braking systems. The primary method of reducing speed during landing is through the deployment of the aircraft's wing flaps and spoilers, which increase drag and reduce lift. Additionally, wheel brakes are used after touchdown to further decelerate the aircraft.

Here's a general overview of the landing process and the braking mechanisms involved:

1. **Approach and Landing:** As an aircraft approaches the runway for landing, the pilot begins a descent and prepares for touchdown. During this phase, the pilot adjusts the aircraft's configuration by extending the landing gear and deploying wing flaps and slats. These adjustments optimize the aircraft's aerodynamics for a safe and controlled landing.

2. **Touchdown:** The aircraft makes contact with the runway, and the pilot aims to achieve a smooth and controlled landing. The moment of touchdown is a critical phase in which the aircraft transitions from flight to ground operation.

3. **Aerodynamic Braking:** After landing, the pilot uses aerodynamic controls to increase drag. This includes raising the wing flaps, extending spoilers on the wings to disrupt smooth airflow, and potentially using other devices like thrust reversers, if equipped. These actions help slow down the aircraft and transfer weight to the wheels for effective braking.

4. **Wheel Brakes:** Once the aircraft's weight is transferred to the wheels, the pilot applies wheel brakes. These are hydraulic systems that engage the aircraft's wheels to slow down the rotation of the tires, providing additional deceleration.

The landing speed of an aircraft varies depending on its type, size, and weight, among other factors. Commercial jetliners typically land at speeds ranging from approximately 130 to 160 knots (about 150 to 185 miles per hour or 240 to 300 kilometers per hour). Smaller aircraft, such as regional jets and general aviation planes, may have lower landing speeds, while larger aircraft, like wide-body jets, may have higher landing speeds.

It's important to note that the pilot's skill, weather conditions, runway length, and aircraft type all play crucial roles in ensuring a safe and controlled landing. Modern aircraft are equipped with advanced avionics and braking systems to enhance safety during the landing phase.