Why is Saudi Arabia suddenly becoming liberal?

 

Saudi Arabia’s recent shift toward liberalization is a multifaceted phenomenon driven by several factors. Let’s delve into some key aspects:

1. Vision 2030 and Economic Reforms:

   • Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman (MbS) introduced the ambitious Vision 2030 program, aiming to diversify the Saudi economy, improve public services, and reduce dependence on oil.
   • With 87% of state revenue historically coming from oil, the need for economic reform has been evident for decades.
   • MbS’s reforms include attracting foreign investment through projects like NEOM, a futuristic megacity in Tabuk, designed to be an international hub for business and technology¹.

2. Social Reforms:

   • MbS has pushed for social liberalization, challenging conservative norms.
   • Initiatives include allowing women to drive, opening cinemas, and relaxing dress codes.
   • These changes signal a departure from the ultra-conservative stance that characterized Saudi Arabia for decades².

3. Political Considerations:

   • The kingdom’s finances faced challenges, including an IMF report suggesting bankruptcy if urgent restructuring didn’t occur.
   • MbS’s reforms are also a response to the need for long-term prosperity and reducing reliance on oil¹.

4. Potential Backlash:

   • Despite progress, there’s concern about backlash from the Wahhabi religious establishment, which has deep roots in Saudi society.
   • The scale and scope of reforms are unprecedented, and the kingdom must navigate cultural shifts while pursuing economic ambitions³.

5. International Engagement:

   • Saudi Arabia’s liberalization efforts have attracted Western businesses, fostering economic ties and global partnerships⁴.

In summary, Saudi Arabia’s transformation reflects a delicate balance between modernization, economic diversification, and managing conservative forces within the country.