What was very shameful in ancient Rome?

 Shameful behaviors in ancient Rome were often defined by societal norms, moral values, and expectations. What was considered shameful could vary across different periods, social classes, and regions within the vast Roman Empire. Here are some aspects that were generally deemed shameful or socially unacceptable in ancient Rome:

1. **Infidelity and Adultery:** Marital fidelity was highly valued in Roman society. Both men and women were expected to remain faithful to their spouses, and adultery was considered a breach of trust and social norms.

2. **Failure to Uphold Family Honor:** Romans placed great importance on family and its reputation. Actions that brought disgrace to the family, such as criminal behavior, could be seen as shameful.

3. **Financial Irresponsibility:** Squandering wealth or accumulating debt without the means to repay was viewed negatively. Financial irresponsibility could damage one's social standing and reputation.

4. **Failure to Fulfill Civic Duties:** Roman citizens were expected to actively participate in civic life, which included military service, voting, and engaging in public affairs. Neglecting these responsibilities could be seen as shameful.

5. **Extravagance and Excessive Luxuries:** While Roman society valued wealth and success, excessive displays of luxury or extravagant behavior, especially by the elite, could be frowned upon, as it went against the traditional Roman virtues of simplicity and frugality.

6. **Debt and Insolvency:** In Roman society, debtors who were unable to repay their debts could face severe consequences, including loss of property or even enslavement. Falling into financial ruin was considered shameful.

7. **Cowardice in Battle:** Romans placed great emphasis on military virtues, and cowardice in battle was deeply shameful. Soldiers were expected to display courage and loyalty to their comrades.

8. **Inferiority in Social Hierarchy:** The Roman social hierarchy was rigid, and individuals were expected to adhere to their designated status. Attempting to rise above one's social class or behaving in a manner deemed inappropriate for one's status could bring shame.

9. **Violation of Religious Norms:** Romans were religious people, and violation of religious rituals or disrespect toward the gods was considered sacrilegious and shameful.

It's important to note that attitudes toward what was considered shameful in ancient Rome evolved over time, and there were variations based on cultural, regional, and individual differences. Additionally, the concept of shame was closely tied to societal expectations and values, and these expectations could differ between the upper and lower classes.